Devices, systems, and methods for reshaping a heart valve annulus

ABSTRACT

Anchors for securing an implant within a body organ and/or reshaping a body organ are provided herein. Anchors are configured for deployment in a body lumen or vasculature of the patient that are curved or conformable to accommodate anatomy of the patient. Such anchors can include deformable or collapsible structures upon tensioning of a bridging element in a lateral direction, or segmented tubes that can be adjusted by tightening of one or more tethers extending therethrough. Such anchors can be used as a posterior anchor in a blood vessel in implant systems having a tensioned bridging element extending between the posterior anchor and an anterior anchor deployed at another location within or along the body organ. Methods of deploying such anchors, and use of multiple anchors or multiple bridging elements to a single anchor are also provided.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This U.S. Non-provisional application claims the benefit and priority ofU.S. Provisional Application No. 62/265,753, filed on Dec. 10, 2015,entitled “DEVICES, SYSTEMS, AND METHODS FOR RESHAPING A HEART VALVEANNULUS,” the content of which is herein incorporated by reference inits entirety for all purposes.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to devices, systems, and methods for anchoring ofan implant within the body and/or reshaping an organ within the body. Inparticular, the invention may be directed to improving the function of aheart valve by reshaping a mitral valve annulus with an anchored implantsystem for treatment of mitral valve regurgitation. The inventionprovides improved posterior anchoring devices for use in implant systemsemploying an anterior anchor attached to a bridging element that spansthe left atrium and attaches to a posterior anchor located in the greatcardiac vein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The healthy human heart (is a muscular two-side self-regulating pumpslightly larger than a clenched fist, as can be seen in FIGS. 2A-2C. Itis composed of four chambers; right atrium (RA) and right ventricle (RV)and the left atrium (LA) and LV (LV). The RA collects poorly oxygenatedblood returning from the lower body via the inferior vena cava (IVC) andfrom the head and upper body via the superior vena cava (SVC) anddelivers it through the tricuspid valve to the RV. The RV then contractswhich has the effect of closing the tricuspid valve and forcing theblood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery forcirculation to the lungs. The left side of the heart collects theoxygenated blood in the LA returning from the lungs via the pulmonaryveins. From, there the blood is delivered to the LV. The LV thenpowerfully contracts having the effect of closing the mitral valve (MV)and forcing the blood through the aortic valve into the aorta and thencethroughout the body.

The interatrial septum, a wall composed of fibrous and muscular partsthat separates the RA and LA, as can be seen in FIG. 2C. The fibrousinteratrial septum is, compared to the more friable muscle tissue of theheart, a more materially strong tissue structure in its own extent inthe heart. An anatomic landmark on the interatrial septum is an oval,thumbprint sized depression called the oval fossa, or fossa ovalis, ascan be seen in FIG. 2C, which is a remnant of the oval foramen and itsvalve in the fetus. It is free of any vital structures such as valvestructure, blood vessels and conduction pathways. Together with itsinherent fibrous structure and surrounding fibrous ridge, which makes itidentifiable by angiographic techniques, the fossa ovalis is the favoredsite for trans-septal diagnostic and therapeutic procedures from theright into the left heart. Before birth, oxygenated blood from theplacenta was directed through the oval foramen into the LA, and afterbirth the oval foramen closes. The heart's four valves functionprimarily to ensure the blood does not flow in the wrong directionduring the cardiac cycle i.e. backflow from the ventricles to the atriaor backflow from the arteries into the corresponding ventricles.

The synchronous pumping actions of the left and right sides of the heartconstitute the cardiac cycle. The cycle begins with a period ofventricular relaxation, called ventricular diastole. At the beginning ofventricular diastole (i.e. ventricular filling), the aortic andpulmonary valves are closed to prevent backflow from the arteries intothe ventricles. Shortly thereafter, the tricuspid and mitral valves opento allow flow from the atria into the corresponding ventricles. Shortlyafter ventricular systole (i.e. ventricular contraction and emptying)begins, the tricuspid and mitral valves close to prevent backflow fromthe ventricles into the corresponding atria. The aortic and pulmonaryvalves then open to permit discharge of blood into the arteries from thecorresponding ventricles. The opening and closing of the heart valvesoccur primarily as a result of pressure differences. For example, theopening and closing of the mitral valve occurs as a result of thepressure differences between the LA and the LV. During ventriculardiastole, when the LV is relaxed, the blood returning from the lungsinto the LA causes the pressure in the atrium to exceed that in the LV.As a result, the mitral valve opens, allowing blood to flow from the LAinto the LV. Subsequently as the now full ventricle contracts inventricle systole, the intraventricular pressure rises above thepressure in the atrium and pushes the mitral valve shut.

The mitral and tricuspid valves are defined by fibrous rings ofcollagen, each called an annulus, which forms a part of the fibrousskeleton of the heart. The annulus provides attachment to cusps orleaflets of the mitral valve (called the anterior and posterior cusps orleaflets) and the three cusps or leaflets of the tricuspid valve. Thecusps of a healthy mitral valve are shown in FIG. 2B. Proper closingfunction is also aided by a tethering action of chordae tendineae andone or more papillary muscles. Also of structural relevance to thisinvention and located in the vicinity of the annulus of the mitral valveis the coronary sinus and its tributaries including the great cardiacvein (GVC), as can be seen in FIG. 2C. The GVC generally courses aroundthe lower wall of the LA outside the atrial chamber but within theatrial wall. The GVC empties into the RA through the coronary sinus.

Each of the valves in question is a one-way valve that function to allowblood to flow only in the appropriate direction. If any of the valvesdoes not function properly, that will affect the efficiency of the heartand may result in significant health issues. For example, failure of themitral valve between the LA and the LV, to fully seal while the LV iscontracting results in some portion of the blood in the LV beingexpelled retrograde back into the LA. This is generally termed mitralregurgitation and depending on severity, can result in insufficientblood flow throughout the body with resultant serious healthimplications.

II. Characteristics and Causes of Mitral Valve Dysfunction

When the LV contracts after filling with blood from the LA, the walls ofthe ventricle move inward and release some of the tension from thepapillary muscle and chords. The blood pushed up against theunder-surface of the mitral leaflets causes them to rise toward theannulus plane of the mitral valve. As they progress toward the annulus,the leading edges of the anterior and posterior leaflet come togetherforming a seal and closing the valve. In the healthy heart, leafletcoaption occurs near the plane of the mitral annulus. The bloodcontinues to be pressurized in the LV until it is ejected into theaorta. Contraction of the papillary muscles is simultaneous with thecontraction of the ventricle and serves to keep healthy valve leafletstightly shut at peak contraction pressures exerted by the ventricle.

In a healthy heart, the dimensions of the mitral valve annulus create ananatomic shape and tension such that the leaflets coapt, forming a tightjunction, at peak contraction pressures. Where the leaflets coapt at theopposing medial and lateral sides of the annulus are called the leafletcommissures CM, CL, as shown FIG. 2B. Valve malfunction can result fromthe chordae tendineae (the chords) becoming stretched, and in some casestearing. When a chord tears, this results in a leaflet that flails.Also, a normally structured valve may not function properly because ofan enlargement of or shape change in the valve annulus. This conditionis referred to as a dilation of the annulus and generally results fromheart muscle failure. In addition, the valve may be defective at birthor because of an acquired disease. Regardless of the cause, mitral valvedysfunction can occur when the leaflets do not coapt at peak contractionpressures. When this occurs, the coaption line of the two leaflets isnot tight at ventricular systole. As a result, an undesired back flow ofblood from the LV into the LA can occur.

This mitral regurgitation, if significant in amount, may have hasseveral serious health consequences. For example, blood flowing backinto the atrium may cause high atrial pressure and reduce the flow ofblood into the LA from the lungs. As blood backs up into the pulmonarysystem, fluid leaks into the lungs and causes pulmonary edema. Anotherhealth problem resulting from mitral valve dysfunction is the reductionof ejection fraction of the heart, or the effective pumping of the bloodthrough the body of that blood that does enter the LV. The blood volumeregurgitating back into the atrium reduces the volume of blood goingforward into the aorta causing low cardiac output. Excess blood in theatrium as a result of mitral valve regurgitation may also over-fill theventricle during each cardiac cycle and causes volume overload in theLV. Over time, this may result in dilation of the LV and indeed theentire left side of the heart. This may further reduce the effectivecardiac output and further worsen the mitral regurgitation problem bydilating the mitral valve annulus. Thus, once the problem of mitralvalve regurgitation begins, the resultant cycle may cause heart failureto be hastened. Treating the problem therefore not only has theimmediate effect of alleviating the heart output problems mentionedabove, but also may interrupt the downward cycle toward heart failure.

III. Current Treatment Methods

Various methods of treating this serious heart condition have beensuggested. In one approach, the native valve is removed and replacedwith a new valve, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,200,341 to Joneset al and U.S. Pat. No. 7,645,568 to Stone. While this approach may beof use in some situations, such surgical procedures generally requireopen chest surgery, which is invasive and often contraindicated for verysick or old patients, which includes many of those suffering from mitralvalve regurgitation.

Another method which has been suggested is to apply tension across theLV to reshape the LV, thereby affect the functioning of the mitralvalve, such as described in U.S. 2005/0075723 to Schroeder et al. Thisapproach uses a splint that spans across a ventricle and extends betweenepicardial pads that engage outside surfaces of the heart. This approachis also invasive and potentially problematic as it penetrates an outersurface of the heart.

Another method that has been suggested is the attempted constriction ofthe LA by means of a belt like constricting device extending inside theGVC which runs along the posterior wall of the LA, such as described inU.S. 2002/0183841 A1 to Cohn et al. While this may be partially helpful,often the device fails to sufficiently alter the shape of the leftatrium to fully resolve the failure of the leaflets to coapt.

Yet another method that has proven particularly useful is to employ asystem that applies direct tension across the width of the LA and acrossthe minor axis of the annulus of the mitral valve, such as shown in FIG.3. System 1 utilizes a bridging element 2 that extends between ananterior anchor 3 and a posterior anchor 4. The anterior anchor 3 isgenerally located at the wall between the LA and the RA, for example, onthe fossa ovalis on the septal wall, and is attached to the bridgingelement 2 that spans the LA. Posterior anchor 4 is located across theatrium posterior to the anterior anchor and may be located outside theatrium chamber in the GVC. The bridging element is affixed to theposterior anchor and provides a bridge across the LA between the septum.The GVC and is tensioned to directly affect the shape of the LA, and inparticular, the annulus of the mitral valve. By adjusting the tension ofthe bringing element, the shape of the LA and particularly the annulusof the mitral valve can be adjusted to achieve optimum closure of themitral valve during cardiac function. An example of this approach isdescribed in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 8,979,925 B2 to Chang et al., theentire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference for allpurposes.

This approach has many advantages over conventional approaches,including avoiding invasive procedures such as open heart surgery orbeing placed on a heart-lung machine. However, there are still a numberof challenges that must be addressed. While the anterior anchor providesrelatively robust and secure anchoring with the fossa ovalis, anchoringwithin a body vessel, such as the GCV is more problematic. While thefossa ovalis is defined by a notable depression, which lends itself tohaving an anchor disposed within, the GCV lacks any notable anatomicalfeatures and is defined by a relatively smooth-walled vessel along theouter wall of the left atrium. In addition, the heart is a highlydynamic organ such that any implant disposed therein is subjected tohighly variable forces and movements due to the contortions of the heartmuscle during a pumping cycle of the heart. These aspects make anchoringwithin the GCV particularly challenging. Thus, there is need fordevices, systems and methods that allow for robust and dependableanchoring within a vessel, such as the GCV. There is further need forsuch anchoring devices that can withstand considerable forces over thelifetime of the device. There is further need for such anchoring devicesthat can assist in reshaping of an organ, such as the heart.

BRIEF SUMMARY

The present invention is a directed towards anchors for deployment in abody lumen or vessel that provide improved anchoring against laterallyapplied loads. Such anchors can be used to secure implants within a bodyorgan or to reshape a body organ by engaging a portion of an organ wallwith the anchor. Of particular use, are implant devices and systems forimproving heart function, primarily for improving mitral valve functionby reshaping the LA. In any of the embodiments described herein, theimplant and anchors are configured to be delivered and deployedintravascularly.

Such anchor devices and systems can be particularly effective inreshaping the mitral valve annulus by engaging a posterior portion ofthe left atrium. In such an approach, an exterior force is providedexternal the GVC and is generally perpendicular to the GVC. In a mitralvalve treatment implant system, the tension applied by the bridgingelement to the posterior anchor. It is therefore beneficial to havedevices and methods that spread the anchoring force as broadly andevenly as possible to avoid injury to the GVC wall and to move theatrial wall more effectively. In one aspect, the invention pertains to aposterior anchor that is designed to spread tensioning forces forexample, along the interior wall of the GVC and to prevent the posterioranchor from sliding longitudinally in the GVC. Sliding of the anchorcould cause the bridging element to slice or tear the GVC wall where itpasses through the GVC wall. The present invention also is directedtowards methods for spreading tensioning forces along the GVC andpreventing longitudinal motion of the posterior anchor within the GVC.In particularly, such methods include delivery and deployment of aposterior anchor for use in a mitral valve treatment system that appliesthe exterior force broadly along the GVC to more effectively move thewall of the left atrium inwardly.

In one aspect, the invention provides an anchor for securing an implantwithin a body organ and reshaping of a body organ of a patient. Theanchor can include a substantially cylindrical body that is sized anddimensioned for delivery and deployment in a body lumen or blood vesselof the patient. In some embodiments, the anchor is configured to bedeployed in a surgically formed sac or opening. The cylindrical body isconfigured to be deformable or collapsible in a lateral direction. Thecylindrical body includes a substantially rigid backbone extendinglongitudinally being disposed on or within the cylindrical body. Thebackbone includes an attachment region along an intermediate portionthereof for coupling with a bridging element of the implant. Thecylindrical body is configured such that when the bridging element iscoupled to the attachment region and tensioned while the anchor isdisposed within the body lumen or blood vessel, the backbone deforms orcollapses the cylindrical body so as to conform along one side of aninner wall of the body lumen or blood vessel. Typically, the cylindricalbody is configured to engage 180 degrees or less of an inner wall of thebody lumen or blood vessel when laterally deformed or collapsed. Theanchor can be sized and dimensioned for intravascular delivery anddeployment within a blood vessel of the patient.

The backbone can be longitudinally curved so as to conform to anatomy ofthe patient. In some embodiments, the cylindrical body is formed of aplastically compressible foam material so as to increase a contactsurface of the cylindrical body against the wall of the blood vesselwhile maintaining patency of the blood vessel when deployed.

In some embodiments, the cylindrical body is an expandable scaffold.Typically, such scaffolds include an expanded configuration in which thescaffold circumferentially engages the blood vessel and a laterallycollapsed configuration in which scaffold collapses to conform to ananatomy of the patient, for example, a C-shape so as to engage at leasta portion of one side of the blood vessel when the bridging element istensioned. Typically, the scaffold has a radially compressedconfiguration to facilitate intravascular delivery through the bloodvessel. In some embodiments, the expandable scaffold comprises foldingzones extending longitudinally on opposite sides of the scaffold andoffset from the backbone so as to facilitate lateral collapse when alateral force is applied to the backbone. It is appreciated, that theanchor could be configured to conform in a similar manner to variousother shapes for use in other lumens or body structures. Such scaffoldscan be formed of a metal, various polymers, or any combination ofsuitable materials. Some scaffolds are formed of a mesh or web materialto facilitate in-growth of adjacent tissue. In some embodiments, thescaffolds can include barbs or other features to inhibit sliding alongthe lumen when anchored.

In another aspect, implant systems are provided herein. Such implantsystems can include an tensionable bridge element that extends betweenan anterior anchor for positioning within or against a body organ orstructure and a posterior anchor for deployment within a body lumen orvessel adjacent the organ or structure. In some embodiments, the implantsystem is for treating a human heart valve. In some embodiments, theimplant system includes: an anterior anchor configured to positionedwithin a desired location along or within an organ of the patient; abridging element, and a posterior anchor. The cylindrical body is sizedand dimensioned for delivery and deployment in a blood vessel of thebody organ, typically the GCV. The cylindrical body being deformable orcollapsible in a lateral direction and has a substantially rigidbackbone disposed on or within the cylindrical body that is attached tothe bridging element. The bridging element is adapted to span a chamberof the heart between an anterior anchor and a posterior anchor andmaintain sufficient tension so as to provide a desired spacing betweenthe anterior anchor and posterior anchor thereby reshaping the chamberof the heart so as to improve function of the heart valve.

In another aspect, anchors for deployment within a body lumen or vesselthat include anti-flipping features are provided. Such anchors caninclude: an elongate main body being curved or conformable so as toaccommodate an anatomy of the patient and an anti-flipping featureadapted to resist flipping or inversion of the elongate main body when abridging element attached to the main body is tensioned along adirection of curvature of the elongate main body. Typically, theelongate main body is hollow or has a lumen extending therethrough tofacilitate delivery and deployment via a guidewire or catheter.

In some embodiments, the anchor includes a substantially rigid elongatesupport member with an attachment region on an intermediate portionthereof for coupling with the bridging element and the anti-flippingfeatures may include a jacket or cover fit over the rigid support. Thejacket can be shaped and formed of a flexible material. In someembodiments, the jacket extending beyond each opposite end of theelongate support member to provide atraumatic tips. The anti-flippingfeature can be formed in various shapes to further improve engagementwithin the body lumen or vessel and inhibit flipping. In someembodiments, the jacket is shaped to include a planar portion on oneside for engagement of a wall of the vessel or body lumen. The planarportion can be curved or contoured along one or more axes, for examplethe planar portion can be curved in a widthwise direction to accommodatea curvature of the vessel wall and can be curved along a lengthwisedirection to accommodate a curved path of the vessel. In someembodiments, the jacket is shaped to includes a planar central portionthat is wider than each opposing end portion of the jacket. This planarportion provides an increased contact area for engagement with thelumen, which further inhibits flipping. The central portion can includean attachment region to allow attachment of the bridging element. Insome embodiments, the attachment region includes an opening within theplanar central portion to allow passage of a bridging element to a rigidsupport member disposed within the jacket. It is appreciated, however,that the bridging elements can be attached by any suitable means.

In other embodiments, the anti-flipping feature includes a movable linkattached to the main body and coupling the bridging element to the mainbody. The link is typically short, substantially shorter than the lengthof the main body and is hollow such that the bridging element can passtherethrough. In some embodiments, the link is pivotally coupled to anintermediate portion of the main body and is pivotally movable along aplane of curvature of the elongate so as to be foldable against theelongate main body during delivery and laterally extended from the mainbody when deployed.

In other embodiments, the anti-flipping feature is a design of theanchor that includes a main body defined by a plurality of segments andone or more tethers extending through an interior of the elongate mainbody that are engaged with opposite end portions of the elongate mainbody such that tensioning of the one or more tethers in a lateraldirection draws the plurality of segments together thereby curving themain body in the direction along which the one or more tethers aretensioned. In some embodiments the main body is a single hollow tubesegmented by a plurality of kerfs distributed along a length of thesingle tube. In some embodiments, the anchor includes first and secondtethers coupled with opposite ends of the hollow tube, respectively, andexiting through one or more openings in a center portion of the hollowtube such that the tube assumes a curved shape when the tubular ends ofthe tube are forced inward by tensioning of the first and secondtethers. In other embodiments, the anchor includes a single tetherextending directly from one end of the tube and secured to the other endof the tube by a fastener, the tether shortened to a length at which thehollow tube assumes a desired radius of curvature for deployment. Instill other embodiments, the anchor includes a tether that extendsthrough an interior of the hollow tube and exits from opposite endportions of the hollow tube for attachment to another anchor, eitherdirectly or through a bridging member or element, such that tensioningof the tether draws the opposite end portions together thereby curvingthe hollow tube. In another embodiment, the anchor is defined by ahollow tube comprises a plurality of independent segments havinginterfacing ends that are angled to facilitate curvature of the hollowtube when the one or more tethers are tensioned.

In another aspect, methods of anchoring an implant and reshaping a bodyorgan of a patient are provided herein. Such methods can includes stepsof: delivering and deploying an anterior anchor within a desiredlocation along or within an organ of a patient; delivering a posterioranchor within a vasculature of the patient adjacent the body organ, theposterior anchor being conformable to an anatomy of the patient upondeployment of the posterior anchor; delivering a first bridging elementthat extends between the anterior anchor and the posterior anchor so asto attach the anterior anchor with the posterior anchor when deployed;and conforming the posterior anchor to a desired shape to accommodatethe anatomy of the patient by tensioning the first bridging elementwhile interfaced with the posterior anchor and the anterior anchor,wherein tensioning the first bridging element comprises shortening thefirst bridging element to maintain a desired spacing between theanterior anchor and the posterior anchor so as to reshape the body organby engagement of the conformed posterior anchor.

In some embodiments, the anchoring methods includes use of a posterioranchor having a cylindrical body that is laterally deformable orcollapsible and has a substantially rigid backbone attached to thecylindrical body. In some such methods, conforming the posterior anchorincludes tensioning the first bridging element while attached to therigid backbone so as to deform or collapse the cylindrical body with therigid backbone shortening against the anatomy of the patient. In someembodiments, where the cylindrical body is scaffold, conforming theanchor includes laterally collapsing the scaffold by folding thescaffold along the folding zones while tensioning the bridging elementattached to the backbone. Some such methods further includes: deliveringthe scaffold in a radially compressed configuration via a guidewire orcatheter; and radially expanding the scaffold within the vasculaturebefore laterally collapsing the scaffold.

In some embodiments, the anchoring methods include use of an anchordefined as a segmented tube. In such methods, conforming the anchor caninclude shortening of one or more tether interfaced with opposite endportions of the segmented tube. For example, where the posterior anchorincludes a segmented tube and a first tether attached to a first end ofthe segmented tube and exits the segmented tube along a central portionthereof, shortening the first tether thereby curving a portion of thesegmented tube between the first end and the central portion. In someembodiments, such methods further include shortening a second tetherextending from a second opposite side of the segmented tube and exitingthe segmented tube along the central portion thereof thereby curvinganother portion of the segmented tube between the second end and thecentral portion.

In some embodiments utilizing anchors defined by segmented tubes, thebridging element including multiple bridging elements or tethers, eachdirectly between an end of the segmented tube and the anterior anchorsuch that shortening both bridging elements or tethers elements undertension curves the segmented tube so as to conform to anatomy againstwhich the posterior anchor is engaged. In some embodiments, the bridgingelement extends across a chamber of an organ and penetrates a tissueagainst which the anchor is engaged. In some embodiments, the anchor caninclude a single tether extending through the segmented tube andattached at both ends to the anterior anchor so as to form a loop, suchthat shortening or tightening of the loop draws opposite ends of thesegment tube inward so as to curve the posterior anchor.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate a heart implant system that includes aninter-atrial bridging element that spans the mitral valve annulusbetween an anterior anchor disposed in the fossa ovalis and a posterioranchor positioned in the GVC in accordance with aspects of theinvention.

FIG. 2A is an anatomic superior view of a section of the human heartshowing the tricuspid valve in the right atrium, the mitral valve in theLA, and the aortic valve in between, with the tricuspid and mitralvalves open and the aortic and pulmonary valves closed duringventricular diastole (ventricular filling) of the cardiac cycle.

FIG. 2B illustrates a healthy mitral valve demonstrating full coaptationbetween leaflets along the entire major axis of the valve.

FIG. 2C is an anatomic anterior perspective view of the left and rightatriums, with portions broken away and in section to show the interiorof the heart chambers and associated structures, such as the fossaovalis, coronary sinus, and the GVC.

FIG. 3 shows a conventional implant system having a bridge spanning theleft atrium between an anterior anchor disposed in the fossa ovalis anda curved posterior anchor disposed in the GCV.

FIGS. 4A-4B illustrate the tendency of a conventional curved posterioranchor to flip or invert when tension forces are applied.

FIG. 5 illustrates a posterior anchor with a jacket attached to atensioning member in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 6 illustrates a posterior anchor with a jacket attached to atensioning member, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 7A-7B illustrate a posterior anchor attached to a tensioningmember with an anti-flipping feature, in accordance with someembodiments.

FIG. 8 illustrates a posterior anchor attached to a tensioning memberwith another anti-flipping feature, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 9A illustrates a posterior anchor that includes a support elementdisposed in a far side of a compressible cylinder so as to deform thecylinder when tensioned, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 9B-9C illustrate the posterior anchor in FIG. 9A disposed withinthe GCV before and after deformation, respectively, in accordance withsome embodiments.

FIG. 10A illustrates a heart implant system having an anterior anchorand multiple bridge elements, each extending to a separate posterioranchor within the GCV, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 10B illustrates a heart implant system having an anterior anchorand multiple bridge elements extending to a single posterior anchorwithin the GCV, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 10C illustrates a heart implant system for reshaping the tricuspidvalve, the system having two bridge elements extending from anchors inthe superior and inferior vena cava to a posterior anchor disposed inthe right ventricle, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 11A-11G illustrate posterior anchors that are curvable orconformable upon adjustment of the tensioning member by use of one ormore tethers, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 12A-13B illustrate posterior anchors defined by expandablestructures that are laterally collapsible upon tensioning of a supportbackbone, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 12A-13B illustrate an alternative posterior anchors defined byexpandable structures having folding zones that facilitate lateralcollapse upon tensioning of a support backbone, in accordance with someembodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention relates to devices, systems, and methods forintravascular anchoring of an implant within the body and/or reshapingan organ within the body by use of an anchor deployed within a bodylumen or body vessel. Implants described herein and associated anchorsare directed to improving the function of a heart valve by reshaping amitral valve annulus for treatment of mitral valve regurgitation. It isappreciated that any heart implant system can utilize a posterior anchorhaving any of the features described herein, or any combination thereof.Further, although the following embodiments describe posterior anchorsfor use in heart implant systems having a bridging element that spansthe left atrium between an anterior anchor and the posterior anchordisposed in the GCV, it is appreciated that the features describedherein pertain to implant systems for treatment of any heart valve, orcan pertain to any anchor for deployment in a body lumen and could beutilized in various other implant systems at other bodily locations inaccordance with the concepts described herein.

One important feature of the heart valve treatment systems for treatmentof mitral valve regurgitation presented herein is the posterior anchor.As shown in the implant system 100 in FIGS. 1A-1B, once installed, theposterior anchor 10 is generally located within the GVC. It is importantfor the posterior anchor to spread tensioning forces from the bridgingelement as broadly as possible along the length of the GVC to avoidtearing the GVC/LA wall or pulling the posterior anchor through thetissue of the GVC/LA wall and thus reducing or eliminating the tensionon the bridging element. It is also helpful to the treatment ofrestoring the shape and anatomical distance of the LA from the septumand the annulus of the mitral valve that the tensioning on the bridgingelement pull much of the LV wall in the area of the annulus forwardtoward the septum. If the tension is instead concentrated at a point onthe LA wall, this may tend to pull just a limited point area forward andnot significantly move the entire wall of the LA. The tissue may puckeror fold inward rather than pull the full wall of the LA forward.

Unlike previous GCV device concepts where the device is placed solelywithin the GCV to reshape the left atrium, these systems rely onadditional lateral force applied to the LA wall that is supplied by,attached to and maintained by an anchor on the substantially thicker androbust septal wall to a preferred septal-lateral spacing that iscontrolled by the operator. Although GCV only devices attempt to reshapethe path of the GCV inward, their ability to move surrounding tissue,including portions of the ventricle, is severely limited all appliedforces must resolve or balance in the GCV itself. There is a need for ananchor for the GCV that distributes these substantially large forces ina manner that uniformly moves the lateral wall to cause the leaflets toco-apt without trauma or erosion, ideally maintaining as much of thenatural shape, contour, and function of the GCV and the septal-lateralspacing with the septum as possible.

Among the challenges associated with such implant systems is thedifficulty in providing stable, secure engagement of the posterioranchor along the posterior wall of the left atrium while disposed withinthe GCV. First, since the inside wall of the GCV along the left atriumis generally smooth-walled without any notable anatomical features, theposterior anchor has a tendency to slide or move, which can lead tovariability of the septal-lateral spacing provided by the implant systemsuch that some level of mitral valve regurgitation may still occur.Furthermore, since the heart is subjected to a significant amount ofcyclical movement during the cardiac cycle, this sliding movement of theposterior anchor over time can lead to erosion of tissues or enlargementof the penetration through which the bridging element extends, leadingto tearing of the LA wall along the GCV. Secondly, in such systemshaving curved or flexible posterior anchors, the curvature of the anchoroften does not match the natural curvature of the atrium wall such thatthe posterior anchor fails to consistently engage a large enough portionof the posterior wall of the left atrium to ensure a desired reshapingof the annulus is maintained throughout the entire cardiac cycle. Also,since the posterior anchor is typically tensioned by a bridging elementattached along a mid-portion to distribute anchoring forces, tensioningof a curved posterior anchor tends to flip a rigid curved anchor orinvert a semi-rigid curved anchor during the cardiac cycle, as shown inFIGS. 4A-4B, which further frustrates the purpose of the posterioranchor.

To address these challenges, presented herein are anchors havingimproved design features that provide increased stability andconsistency in anchoring as well as improved engagment with adjacenttissues, particularly when deployed in a body vessel. In one aspect, theanchor has an elongate main body sized and dimensioned for delivery anddeployment within the vasculature of the patient. For heart implantsystemss, such anchors can have a length dimension between 1 cm and 10cm, typically between 2 cm and 8 cm, so as to distribute laterallyapplied anchoring forces and engage a substantial portion of the heartwall. The anchor can have a width dimension of between 0.5 cm and 5 cm,typically between 1 cm and 3 cm. The anchor can be contoured or curvedalong its length dimension, as well as along a width dimension, so as toconform more closely to an anatomy of the body lumen or an adjacentorgan. In some embodiments, the anchor is specially shaped so as toengage at least a portion of one side of the vessel in which it isdeployed, while leaving the remainder of the vessel open to faciliateblood flow therethrough. Examples of such shapes includes a D orC-shape, as well as an ovoid shape, all of which increase the contactarea of the posterior anchor along the one side of the body vessel,while maintaining patency of the vessel.

FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate an example heart valve treatment system 100that includes bridging element 12 that spans across the left atrium,extending between anterior anchor 14 secured in the fossa ovalis andposterior anchor 10 deployed in the GCV. In this embodiment, posterioranchor 10 is a cylindrical structure, such as those detailed in FIG.13A, that is laterally collapsible so as to provide an increased contactsurface area along the inner wall of the GCV along the wall of the LAwhen deployed. As can be seen in FIG. 1B, posterior anchor 10 is alsocurved along its length so as to conform more closely with the anatomyof the outside curvature of the LA along which the GCV extends.Posterior anchor 10 can further include an anti-flipping feature 11 toinhibit flipping or inversion along its length due to movement andforces caused imparted by the structures of the heart during the cardiaccycle. While a particular design of posterior anchor is shown in FIGS.1A-1B, it is appreciated that system 100 could utilize any suitableposterior anchor, including any of those described herein or anysuitable anchor features in acordance with the concepts describedherein.

In some embodiments, the intravascular anchors are defined as anelongate member having a central rigid portion along where thetensioning member attaches and flexible outer ends. The central rigidportion can include a stress-relief feature such as an attachment pointthat is flexible, movable or pivots to accommodate abrupt movements ofthe tensioning member so as to maintain engagement of the anchor withadacent tissues during the heart cycle. The flexible outer ends can beprovided by a modifications to the central rigid portion (e.g. notches,kerfs), or can be provided by additional components, such as a polymerjacket or cover that fits over the rigid portion.

In some embodiments, the intravascular anchor is contoured or shaped toconform to at least a portion of one side of the vessel in which it isdisposed. In some embodiments, the intravscular anchor has a fixedshape, while in other embodiments, the shape of the anchor is flexibleor conformable. In some embodiments, the intravascular anchor can assumemultiple configurations of varying size and shape to facilitate deliveryand deployment. In any of the embodiments described herein, the anchorcan be defined with a hollow lumen therethrough to facilitateintravascular delivery via a guidewire or catheter.

These and other aspects of the improved anchor can be further understoodby referring to the embodiments depicted in FIGS. 5-13B. While theseembodiments describe a posterior anchor for use in a tensioned heartimplant, it is appreciated that these anchor features can apply tovarious other types of anchors for implants in various other bodilylocations. For example any of the features described can be used in animplant to provide improved anchoring, which can include improvedconformance against anchored tissues, improved distribution of forces,and improved engagement of tissues to facilitate reshaping of a bodyorgan.

FIG. 5 illustrates a posterior anchor defined as a T-bar 110 that isjacketed to provide strain relief and an atraumatic tip configuration.In some embodiments, a thin or thick walled polymeric jacket 160 can befit over a conventional rigid T-bar anchor to provide an atraumaticsurface. T-bar 110 is coupled with the bridge element 105, which can bea suture, tether, or any element suitable for spanning across the leftatrium and maintaining tension sufficient to reshape the atrium. Thejacket 160 is sized and dimensioned so that the end portions of thejacket extend beyond the ends of the rigid T-bar 110. Jacket 160 can beformed of PTFE, high silicone soft-block urethanes, silicones, or anysuitable material and can further include a thin fabric outer covering,such as polyester. In some embodiments, the jacket is preferably formedof a material that encourages tissue ingrowth. The jacket may be held inplace by adhesive or shrunk over the T-bar or both. In this embodiment,jacket 160 is defined as two end pieces abutting the inner attachedcentral bridge attachment, although the jacket could be defined a singlepiece jacket attached over an entire length of the T-bar, such as in thenext embodiment described below. The tip extensions may be shaped toreduce tissue strain, for example curved or serpentine (not shown) toincrease stability and aid delivery. This approach allows a conventionalT-bar anchor to be retrofit so as to change a size and/or shape of theanchor, provide improved or variable flexibility along its length orprovide various other advantageous characteristics.

FIG. 6 illustrates another posterior anchor configured as a rigid T-barbackbone 110 covered by a shaped jacket 162. Shaped jacket 162 can bepolymeric semi-rigid or compliant “surfboard” that fits over the rigidT-bar 110. Such a configuration is advantageous as it allows aconventional rigid T-bar anchor to be retrofit to assume any shape,contour or flexibility desired for a particular application. In thisembodiment, which is configured for use in the heart implant systemdescribed above, the shaped jacket 162 is shaped to be planar orflattened on one side so as to increase tissue contact area with theinterior wall of the GVC toward the LA and to further distributeanchoring contact forces. The planar portion can be flat or curved toaccommodate the shape of the vessel. In this embodiment, the planarportion is included on a center portion having increased width thaneither end portion and includes an opening near a center of the planarcenter portion, which facilitates engagement of the planar centerportion with the wall of the vessel. This increased width dimension andplanar portion provide improved resistance to flipping. Shaped jacket162 can be formed thin along its posterior/anterior dimension so that itlies relatively flat against the GCV wall, thus maximizing blood flow inthe GCV. This configuration also served to stabilize posterior anchorand resist flipping. As with other embodiments, surfaces may be coatedor constructed of material that induces tissue ingrowth. Shaped jacketcan be formed of various polymeric materials, including PTFE, highsilicone soft-block urethanes, silicones, other implant gradeelastomers. An optional thin fabric may be employed, such as polyestercovering the polymeric jacket, to promote tissue growth or inhibitsliding. The size of the device can vary, of course depending on thedesire of the surgeon and the particular requirements of the patient,for example a large male vs. a pediatric patient, but one advantageoussize for typical adult patients would be, for example, 12F round or ovalshaped T-bar. Such a link could be combined as a “backbone” to stabilizeand strengthen other jacketed or wire form structures discussed above.The wire form may be metal, plastic, or any other material that willallow the rigid backbone to collapse the form as described above.

Although a straight version of shaped jacket 162 is shown in FIG. 6, itis appreciated that shaped jacket 162 could be formed with apredetermined curved shape along its length to match the curvature ofthe mitral annulus or the GCV or both. Having a width close to that ofthe GCV, gaining more purchase of the lateral wall, the tendency of thecurve to flip or right would be thwarted. In some embodiments, adelivery catheter used to deliver the anchor can include mountingfeatures that allow axial rotation to allow proper placement of theanchor aligning the curvature with the GCV. Such feature can includelumens or guides that or any interfacing feature to allow manipulationof an orientation of the anchor during deployment. Shaped jacket can beconstructed from a semi-rigid material to allow tracking over aguidewire with quasi straightening of its shape and more significantbending upon removal of the guidewire and release of the device. One ormore radio-opaque features can be added to the anchor to allow aclinician to visualize its position and orientation during delivery anddeployment. While in these embodiments, bridge element 105 is depictedas a suture that is wound about a mid-portion of the T-bar 110, it isappreciated that various other bridging elements and suitable means ofattachment (e.g. adhesive, welding, couplings) could be used.

While some conventional systems have utilized curved posterior anchors,such anchors have a tendency to flip (when of a rigid construction) orinvert (when of a more flexible construction). This action can befurther understood by referring to the conventional heart valvetreatment system 1 shown in FIG. 3, which includes a bridging element 2extending from an anterior anchor 3 to a mid-point of a conventionalposterior anchor 4, defined as rigid curved tubular member. When a thincurved posterior anchor, especially a rigid curved anchor, is placed inthe GVC, and tension is applied to the internal curvature of the arc,especially near the apex, the forces will have a tendency to flip thecurved anchor in the GVC and present the exterior edge of the curvatureto the passage between the GVC and the atrium.

FIGS. 4A-4B illustrates this flipping tendency. Flipping the anchorreaches a more stable energy condition, and therefore this is theconfiguration the anchor will tend to seek. In considering this flip inconfiguration, it is important to remember that the distal anchor, inplace in the GVC, is far from a still curved structure lying againststatic curved vein. It is in place in a vessel full of flowing bloodimbedded in the wall of a heart that is beating generally as many as 75times or so a minute. As the posterior anchor is tossed about andbuffeted by flowing blood, the anchor will quickly seek the most stableorientation in relation to the tension forces from the bridging element,and flip into the orientation with the apex of the curve pointed towardthe tensioning element and the apex being pulled into the hole in theGVC/LA wall where the bridging element is pulling it unless somemechanisms, for example any of those described herein, are instituted toprevent flipping from occurring. When flipped or inverted, the anchorstructure tends to focus the tensioning forces applied by the bridgingelement on the GVC/LA wall at a single point, the point of puncturebetween the LA/GVC wall. This increases the likelihood of tearing thewall and possibly pulling the posterior anchor into the atrium andreleasing the tension altogether, or pulling partway into the atrium andrelieving the tension to the point that the therapy is severelycompromised.

This flipping movement described above would also be considerably lesseffective in pulling the wall of the LA toward the septum to affectreshaping of the annulus, thus would be less effective in providingtherapy. With only a single point of contact between the curvedposterior anchor and the GVC inner wall, the posterior anchor would bemore likely to slide longitudinally within the GVC, whereupon the sutureforming the bridging element would be more likely to slice the tissueforming the GVC/LA wall and expand the puncture hole, making it evenmore likely that the posterior anchor might get pulled through into theLA. Therefore, anti-flipping configurations and features cansimultaneously provide an anti-sliding mechanism which would be doublyadvantageous.

One such anti-flipping anchor configuration is shown in FIGS. 7A-7B.This anchor employs a rigid short link 151 that is attached by a hinge150 or similar flexible attachment mechanism extending from the insidecurve of anchor body 152. Link 151 is a relatively rigid length that canrotate to lay nearly flat against the inside curve of the curved anchorbody 152 during delivery via a guidewire GW, as shown in FIG. 7A, andopens to be generally perpendicular to the anchor, as shown in FIG. 7B,when deployed by pulling the bridging element through a penetration inthe wall of the LA. Typically, in the deployed configuration, the distalend of link 151 protrudes slightly into the LA in its resting position.In some embodiments, the link 151 is hollow such that the flexiblebridging element 105 is attached to the curved posterior anchor body 152through the hollow link 151. In other embodiments, the bridging element105 is attached to the end extended away from anchor body 152. Link 151is of sufficient length to cause coaxial alignment with tensionedbridging element 105 and prevent anchor from flipping over. Link 151 canbe formed of a material such as plastic or smooth metal, and have asufficient diameter that is less likely than the bare bridging element,for example a suture, to cut the tissue of the wall of the GVC where thepenetration is made between the atrium and the GV. The link thus servesthe double purpose of preventing flipping and protecting the wall of theGVC. The link is set to fold flat, pointing towards the puncture siteduring delivery and opening perpendicularly as the suture is tensionedat that site.

FIG. 8 illustrates another anchor embodiment, which includes ananti-flipping or anti-flipping feature defined as an inwardly curvedportion 153 along where bridging element 105 attaches to the anchor body152. When used within a left atrium implant for treatment of MVR, theinwardly curved mid-section projects into the plane of the generally GCVshaped curved anchor with the bridge 105 attached at the midsection ofthe anti-flipping curved portion 153. This allows for a simplerattachment to the anchor avoiding the complications of a linkingmechanism both in its construction and delivery.

In another aspect, the posterior anchor can be configured with adelivery configuration and deployed configuration in which the anchor iseccentrically disposed along one side of a vessel wall. Suchconfigurations can include structures and materials that are expandableas well as compressible so as to form an eccentric shape, which isnon-circular and having a greater surface area on one side, which is tobe engaged against a wall of the body lumen or vessel. Examples of suchconfiguration are illustrated in the following embodiments.

FIGS. 9A-9C illustrate a posterior anchor defined as crushable cylinder103 with a more rigid support member 101, such as a T-bar support,attached or embedded within the cylinder. While a cylinder is describedin this embodiment, it is appreciated that such an anchor could beconfigured in various elongate shapes including but not limited topartial cylinder, a crescent, an ovoid or various irregular shapes.Crushable cylinder can be formed of any suitable crushable material,such as a foam material or structure. Typically, rigid support member101 is attached or embedded in the outer posterior diameter furthestfrom where the bridging element 105 extends, such as shown in FIG. 9A,so as to facilitate further crushing of the cylinder when the bridgingelement is tensioned. The rigid support member 101 can be substantiallystraight, as shown, or can be curved to generally follow the curve ofthe interior wall of the GVC and thus spread the pulling forcesuniformly against the tissue wall.

FIGS. 9B-9C illustrate cross-sections of the posterior anchor of FIG. 9Adisposed in the GVC before and after deployment, respectively. Whendelivered into the GVC, and connected to the bridging element 105, thecrushable cylinder 103 is adjacent the wall of the GVC and LA, throughwhich the bridging element 105 extends and the rigid support element 101is disposed on the side furthest from the LA, as shown in FIG. 9B. Uponapplication of tension on the bridging element to the T-bar 101, thecrushable material is collapsed into an eccentric shape 103 a that has areduced cross-section which is less obstructive of blood flow within theGVC. The crushed cylinder also assumes a shape which both more closelyadheres to the inner shape of the GVC, thereby increasing the contactsurface area as compared to the uncrushed cylinder. When crushed, thematerials also somewhat compacted and generally stiffer than theuncrushed material which also helps spreads the forces applied by thebridging element over the surface area of the GVC wall.

It is appreciated that although the embodiment shown in FIGS. 9A-9C areshown as a relatively short elongated crushable member and T-bar, theT-bar or spine may be significantly longer to spread the pulling forceand may be shaped with a curve to spread the force more generally in thecurved shaped GVC.

In some embodiments, the crushable materially is a material thatencourages tissue ingrowth and or scarring to create a tissue-anchormatrix. This ingrowth further aids in assuring that the posterior anchoris not pulled through the GVC wall or flipped within the GVC. Thiscrushable material may be constrained by the delivery catheter in acrushed form to lower its delivery profile thus aiding delivery, andwhen released is further reshaped to its final dimension by the bridgingelement.

FIGS. 10A-10B illustrate alternative implant systems that can utilizeposterior anchors in accordance with those described herein. FIG. 10Aillustrates a heart implant system 200 having an anterior anchor andmultiple bridge elements 105 extending to multiple posterior anchors 10within the GCV. In this embodiment, the posterior anchor 10 is acollapsible cylindrical structure, such as that described in FIG. 13A.FIG. 10B illustrates a heart implant system 300 having an anterioranchor and multiple bridge elements 105 extending to a single posterioranchor 10 deployed within the GCV. In this embodiment, posterior anchor10 is a segmented tube, such as that described in FIG. 11G. It isappreciated that each of the posterior anchors depicted can utilize anyone or combination of the anchor features in any of the embodimentsdescribed herein. FIG. 10C illustrates a heart implant system 400 forreshaping the tricuspid valve, the system having two bridge elementsextending from anchors 40 in the superior and inferior vena cava to aposterior anchor 10 disposed in the right ventricle, in accordance withsome embodiments. In this embodiment, the posterior anchor 10 is acollapsible cylindrical structure, such as that described in FIG. 13A.

In another aspect, curved posterior anchors are provided that can betransformed from a substantially linear configuration to a curvilinearconfiguration. In some embodiments, the curve of the anchor can beadjusted during deployment. Some such posterior anchors include a seriesof interfacing or interconnecting components that articulate into acurved shape when tensioned, either by the bridging element or by one ormore tethers extending therethrough. These anchors can be configured foruse with systems having a single bridging element per anchor, such asthat shown in FIG. 10A, or in systems having multiple bridging elements,such as that shown in FIG. 10B. In some embodiments, the curveableposterior anchor is defined within a single tube having a series of cutsor kerfs that allow for controlled articulation or curvature of theanchor body by the tensioned bridge. Adjustment of such anchors caninclude multiple schemes and anchor configurations. Examples of suchconfigurations are detailed further below.

FIGS. 11A-11D illustrate a posterior anchor configured that curvesinwardly toward the bridging element when deployed. Such asconfiguration can be designed to match a curvature of a vessel or anadjacent tissue or organ wall, and further resists flipping since thecurvature can be maintained by the tensioned bridge element. Typically,the posterior anchor is defined so as to match the curvature of the GVCto more evenly and securely spread the anchor forces provided by theattachment through the bridging element which is tensioned against theanterior anchor.

The embodiments of FIG. 11A-11D can be a segment tube formed from asingle tube. One way this can be accomplished is to cut a hollow metalor polymeric tube 130 of a suitable length (e.g. a length that matchesthe mitral annulus along the GVC) into a series of segments 131,132,133by a series of cuts called kerfs 140,141,142, as shown in FIG. 11A. Thekerfs can be a depth for example, of ½ to ¾ of the diameter of the tube,and can also be angled to facilitate tighter radius of curvature. Theseareas are open, meaning that some material is cut out of the tube todefine a series of segments, which allows the tube to preferentiallybend in the direction of the kerfs when force is applied to both ends130 a, 130 b.

One or more tethers can be used to draw segments inward to curve theanchor. In some embodiments, the internal tethers 105 a, 105 b are eachfixed internally at the respective ends 130 a, 130 b of the tube andallowed to exit along a center portion of the anchor through one of thekerfs or perhaps two of the kerfs 138,139 (for example, as in FIGS.11A-11B), and a bridging element is attached to the exposed tethers.Tensioning the bridging element against the GCV wall simultaneouslyshortens the minor axis of the mitral valve and bends the anchor to thedesired shape. Such a configuration causes tube 130 to curve when thebridging element 105 is tensioned. The more tension applied, the greaterthe curvature toward the bridging element, until the kerf openings areclosed or the engaged tissue exerts an equal countering force on thetubular body 130. This is particularly advantageous for use in a dynamicenvironment, such as the heart, since the aforementioned flippingtypically occur when the bridging element experiences heightenedtension.

FIG. 11C illustrates a similar embodiment having internal tethers 105 a,105 b that are coupled with ends 130 a, 130 b and that exit through acentral opening 144 and couple with the bridging element 105.Alternatively, tethers 105 a, 105 b can be each independently fixed toends 130 a, 130 b and exit from the center of the anchor so as to allowfor independent bending of each end. This approach can provide aconfiguration that provides for multiple segments and custom shapedanchor.

FIG. 11D illustrates an alternative embodiment in which the bridgingelement 105 is a loop that extends through the tubular body 130 of theanchor such that, when tensioned by shortening the loop, the internaltether portion 105 c shortens and tensioned tether portions 105 a, 105 bforce ends 130 a, 130 b inward, thereby curving the anchor body. Thelength of the loop can be shortened by pulling one or more free ends ofthe loop through and attaching to the anterior anchor, thereby allowingthe user to adjust the tension of the bridging elements.

Alternatively, the bending may be independent of the bridging element.FIG. 11E illustrates an example of such a bending scheme using acatheter in the GCV to pull on an internal tether 106 fixed internallyto the distal end of the anchor though a lumen of the catheter. Thiscauses the anchor's proximal end to engage the catheter tip and bend. Afastener 107, such as a clip, knot or any suitable mechanism, can beused to fix the bent anchor in the desired curved position and theexcess tether is cut free.

It is appreciated that the bent configuration and the force required tobend the tube, as well as the stiffness of the bent tube can be variedas desired by adjusting the number, width, spacing and depth of thekerfs. The kerfs may be of varied length along the anchors length,combining wider and narrower sections to relatively stiffen or softensections respectively. The curving of anchor may be achieved a singleshared connected bridge or dual independent bridge elements with thelatter allowing for more relaxed curve one end.

In another similar approach, the anchor is defined by individualunconnected hollow links that are similar or tailored in length. Thelinks are formed so as to have a desired stiffness and shape for theirresting location when deployed. The links can be formed using any of theconstructions detailed herein. Such embodiments can utilize a deliveryscheme having a single bridge with a first bridge end deploymentfollowed by loading of the anchor or anchor links to their restinglocation followed by deployment of the second bridge. The tips of theanchor or outer links may have grommets or other means of protectingtissue from any abrasion from the bridging element.

In another aspect, a hybrid concept of a bendable GVC anchor with twoend bridges is provided. An example of such an embodiment can include abendable anchor resembling a string of segments or interfacing elementsthat extends between bridge elements and attached at each end. In someembodiments, the bridging elements are permanently fixed to each end ofthe anchor. The first bridge is preferably deployed farthest from thecoronary sinus followed by the second with a spacing between thepunctures equal to length of the anchor, which would preferably becentered over the larger central scallop leaflet of the mitral valve.The anchor is then deployed by pulling both bridges and the anchorthrough a protective sheath. In some embodiments, the ends of theindividual segments are angled so that when the entire string is pulledtight and the ends abut, the length of the string of segments forms acurved structure. The curved structure can be preselected dependent onthe angles of the segments, and need not be a constant curve. Forexample, such an anchor could include a relatively straight section atthe center of the anchor and a more sharply curved section at each end.Alternatively, an anchor could include a straight segment and an evenmore sharply curved segment on the other end of the anchor, which may bea useful configuration in some applications.

FIGS. 11F and 11G illustrate examples of the above described alternativeapproach for achieving a curved posterior anchor by use of individuallinks. The links can be unconnected with interfacing surfaces betweeneach, or can be interconnected in a manner that allows relative movementbetween adjacent links to allow for curvature of the anchor. In thesedepicted embodiments, tube 131 is formed by a number of individualsegments 181, 182, which can be shaped with mating surfaces 183 that areeither straight or angled as desired. In the embodiment of FIG. 11F, theend of the anchor tube may be protected by grommets 145 connected tobridging elements 105 a, 105 b. In some embodiments, the grommets 145are configured as fixed stops fixing a bridging element or tetherextending therethrough to a preset length so as to provide apre-determined curvature to the anchor. In the embodiment of FIG. 11G,the links of the anchor are laced over a single bridging element ortether and are free to move along the bridge such that shortening of thebridging element or tether engages opposite ends of the anchor so as tocurve the anchor. Such a configuration allows links to be added orconfigured to vary length or stiffness along the anchor. In eitherembodiment, the two bridging elements 105 a, 105 b may be attached tothe same location on the anterior anchor. Applying tension to thosebridging elements curves tube 131 inward. When such an anchor isincorporated into a heart implant system, the curved tube 131 pulls theentire wall of the LA toward the septum and advantageously shapes themitral valve annulus with the operator able to bias the length towardstoward one side or the other while viewing the regurgitant flow onultrasound in real time. Although the links or segments are shown hereas hollow tubular segments, it is appreciated that the links could beformed in various sizes and shapes, including shapes contoured to matcha curvature of a vessel or the patient's anatomy. In some embodiments,the links are defined as a string of interfacing element such thatshortening of the bridging element or tether articulates the links intoa curved arrangement along the anchor. The interfacing elements can beof any suitable construction (e.g. solid, hollow) and can be of formedin any shape desired.

Similar to these examples, in that the configurations requires multiplebridging element attachment to the anterior anchor, would be a sequenceof posterior anchors each separately attached, such as shown in FIG.10A. Such a configuration would make possible separate individualattachments that could apply tension at various angles to optimallydeform the LA wall and mitral valve annulus to reduce mitralregurgitation. Each posterior anchor could employ the shapes andfeatures of any of the posterior anchors described above. Each couldattach to the same location on the anterior anchor, or could attach atslightly different locations in the anterior anchor or even separateanterior anchors to optimize the angles of tension for maximum effect.

In another aspect, the posterior anchor can include an expandablestructure that can be collapsed so as to engage at least a portion ofone side of the vessel in which it is deployed as well as to assume areduced profile to allow improve blood flow therethrough. Example ofsuch embodiments include a scaffold or wire form structure configured tobe expanded within the vessel after delivery, then collapsed laterallyby tensioning of the bridging element. Such embodiments can include awire form structure having weakened portions extending longitudinally onopposite sides of the wire form structure to facilitate lateralcollapse. The structures can be self-expanding or balloon deployable. Insome embodiments, the collapsible wire form structure include one ormore support ribs extending longitudinally to reinforce the collapsedstructure to improve anchoring and adherence of the structure along alength of the body vessel. Such reinforcing ribs can be straight or canbe curved as needed for a particular anatomy.

FIGS. 12A-12C and 13A-B illustrate examples of the above describedcollapsible wire form cylinder structure 120. Typically, the wire formstructure is a cylinder mesh structure that may be delivered in lowprofile and expand to the desired diameter, either by self-expansion orballoon expansion. The cylinder mesh structure can include a posteriorbackbone 122 that forms a T-bar and attaches to the bridging element105.

As shown in FIG. 12A, after deployment of the cylinder mesh structure120 in a vessel, such as the GCV, the bridge element 105 extends to thesupport backbone 122 disposed on the opposing side of the cylindricalmesh structure 120 from where bridge element 105 extends through thewall of the GCV/LA. When tension is applied by the bridging element 105to the backbone, the support crushes the cylinder mesh structure wallupon itself creating a flattened ribbon against the LA/GCV wall. Such aconfiguration is advantageous as it forms a stiff, relatively flatsurface that effectively spreads the force of the tensioning against thewall to prevent the posterior anchor from being pulled through the GVCwall. Further, the folded design doubles the wall thickness and thus itsstrength and increases its purchase of the GCV wall up to 1.5 times itsuncrushed diameter. Such a configuration allows for improved ease ofdeployment and allows the anchor to be embedded in the wall of the GVCupon deployment. Furthermore, the mesh structure of the scaffold furtherpromotes tissue in-growth.

FIGS. 13A-13B illustrate another embodiment of a collapsible scaffoldstructure 120 that includes folding zones or softer sections 123 toinsure preferential folding along predetermined lines. These foldingzones extend longitudinally along most or all of the length of thecylindrical structure and can be defined by scores, weakened portions,or previous deformation to facilitate folding of the cylindrical meshstructure along these areas when deployed. Also, as with the crushablefoam embodiment, the material or coating of the wire form structure ,and the surface structure of the crushable wire form structure might besuch that it spurs the ingrowth of tissue to, over time, form atissue-anchor matrix. In either embodiment, the support backbone can besubstantially straight, or preferably, curved to generally mimic thecurve of the interior wall of the GVC. The scaffold can be a meshstructure, which can be defined to promote tissue-ingrowth.

The foregoing is considered as illustrative only of the principles ofthe invention. The embodiments herein disclosed merely exemplify theinvention which may be embodied in other specific structures. Whilepreferred embodiments have been described, the details may be changedwithout departing from the invention. Further, most of the inventionsare shown in simple forms to illustrate elemental function and featuresand may be combined to a final embodiment that uses one more elementscombined into a single device. It is also anticipated that theembodiments described may be combined, by way of example but not by wayof limitation, having a curbed backbone in the crushable foam, ormultiple curved anchors with anti-flipping features or configurationswith multiple attachments to the anterior anchor. Furthermore, sincenumerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilledin the art, the invention is not limited to the construction andoperation shown and described in the preferred embodiments except aslimited by the claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. An anchor for securing an implant within a bodyorgan for reshaping of a body organ of a patient, the anchor comprising:a substantially cylindrical body that is sized and dimensioned fordelivery and deployment in a body lumen or blood vessel of the patient,the cylindrical body being deformable or collapsible in a lateraldirection; and a substantially rigid backbone extending longitudinallyalong at least a portion of the cylindrical body, the substantiallyrigid backbone being disposed on or within the cylindrical body, whereinthe backbone includes an attachment region along an intermediate portionthereof for coupling with a bridging element of the implant, wherein thecylindrical body is configured such that when the bridging element iscoupled to the attachment region and tensioned while the anchor isdisposed within the body lumen or blood vessel, the backbone deforms orcollapses the cylindrical body.
 2. The anchor of claim 1, wherein thesubstantially cylindrical body is configured to engage 180 degrees orless of an inner wall of the body lumen or blood vessel when laterallydeformed or collapsed.
 3. The anchor of claim 1, wherein the anchor isan intravascular anchor sized and dimensioned for delivery anddeployment within a blood vessel of the patient.
 4. The anchor of claim1, wherein the backbone is longitudinally curved so as to conform toanatomy of the patient.
 5. The anchor of claim 1, wherein thecylindrical body comprises a plastically compressible foam material soas to increase a contact surface of the cylindrical body against thewall of the blood vessel or organ.
 6. The anchor of claim 1, wherein thecylindrical body comprises an expandable scaffold having an expandedconfiguration in which the scaffold circumferentially engages the bloodvessel and a laterally collapsed configuration in which scaffoldcollapses into a C-shape so as to engage at least a portion of one sideof the blood vessel when the bridging element is tensioned.
 7. Theanchor of claim 6, wherein the expandable scaffold further comprises aradially compressed configuration to facilitate intravascular deliverythrough the blood vessel.
 8. The anchor of claim 6, wherein theexpandable scaffold comprises folding zones extending longitudinally onopposite sides of the scaffold and offset from the backbone so as tofacilitate lateral collapse when a lateral force is applied to thebackbone.
 9. The anchor of claim 6, wherein the expandable scaffold is amesh cylinder, the mesh being adapted to facilitate in-growth ofadjacent tissue.
 10. An implant system for treating a human heart valve,the system comprising: an anterior anchor configured to positionedwithin a desired location along or within an organ of the patient; aposterior anchor comprising a substantially cylindrical body that issized and dimensioned for delivery and deployment in a blood vessel ofthe body organ, the cylindrical body being deformable or collapsible ina lateral direction and having a substantially rigid backbone disposedon or within the cylindrical body; and a bridging element adapted tospan a chamber of the heart between an anterior anchor and a posterioranchor and maintain sufficient tension therebetween so as to provide adesired spacing between the anterior anchor and posterior anchor therebyreshaping the chamber of the heart so as to improve function of theheart valve.
 11. An anchor for securing an implant within a body lumenfor reshaping of a body organ of a patient, the anchor comprising: anelongate main body being curved or conformable so as to accommodate ananatomy of the patient, wherein the elongate main body is hollow tofacilitate delivery via a guidewire or catheter; and an anti-flippingfeature adapted to resist flipping or inversion of the elongate mainbody when a bridging element attached to the main body is tensionedalong a direction of curvature of the elongate main body.
 12. The anchorof claim 11, wherein the anchor further comprises: a substantially rigidelongate support member with an attachment region on an intermediateportion thereof for coupling with the bridging element, wherein theelongate main body comprises a jacket configured to cover at least aportion of the elongate support member, the jacket being formed of aflexible material and extending beyond each opposite end of the elongatesupport member to provide atraumatic tips.
 13. The anchor of claim 12,wherein the anti-flipping feature comprises a shape of the jacket,wherein the shape of the jacket includes a planar central portion thatis wider than each opposing end portion of the jacket to provide anincreased contact area for engagement with the lumen and an attachmentregion within the planar central portion to allow attachment of abridging element to the support member.
 14. The anchor of claim 11,wherein the anti-flipping feature comprises a a substantially rigid linkpivotally coupled to an intermediate portion of the curved elongate mainbody and pivotally movable along a plane of curvature of the elongate soas to be foldable against the elongate main body during delivery andlaterally extended from the main body when deployed.
 15. An anchor forsecuring an implant within a body lumen for reshaping of a body organ ofa patient, the anchor comprising: an elongate main body beingtransformable from a substantially linear configuration to a curvilinearconfiguration to accommodate an anatomy of the patient, wherein theelongate main body comprises a plurality of segments having an interiorlumen extending therethrough, and one or more tethers extending throughan interior of the elongate main body that are engaged with opposite endportions of the elongate main body such that tensioning of the one ormore tethers in a lateral direction draws the plurality of segmentstogether thereby curving the main body in the direction along which theone or more tethers are tensioned.
 16. The anchor of claim 15, whereinthe elongate main body is a single hollow tube that is segmented by aplurality of kerfs distributed along a length of the single tube. 17.The anchor of claim 15, wherein the one or more tethers comprise firstand second tethers coupled with opposite ends of the main body,respectively, and exiting through one or more openings in a centerportion of the main body such that the main body assumes a curved shapewhen the ends of the main body are forced inward by tensioning of thefirst and second tethers.
 18. The anchor of claim 15, wherein the one ormore tethers comprise a single tether extending directly from one end ofthe main body and secured to the other end of the main body by afastener, the tether shortened to a length at which the main bodyassumes a desired radius of curvature for deployment.
 19. The anchor ofclaim 18, wherein the one or more tethers comprises a tether thatextends through an interior lumen of the main body and exits fromopposite end portions of the main body for attachment to another anchor,either directly or through a bridging element, such that tensioning ofthe tether draws the opposite end portions together thereby curving themain body.
 20. The anchor of claim 15, wherein the main body comprises aplurality of independent segments having interfacing ends that areangled to facilitate curvature of the main body when the one or moretethers are tensioned.
 21. The anchor of claim 15, wherein the pluralityof segment comprises a plurality of hollow tubular segments.
 22. Theanchor of claim 15, wherein the plurality of segments comprises a stringof interfacing elements, each element being formed of any suitablematerial and shape.
 23. A method of anchoring an implant and reshaping abody organ of a patient, the method comprising: delivering and deployingan anterior anchor within a desired location along or within an organ ofa patient; delivering a posterior anchor within a vasculature of thepatient adjacent the body organ, the posterior anchor being conformableto an anatomy of the patient upon deployment of the posterior anchor;delivering a first bridging element that extends across a chamber of theorgan between the anterior anchor and the posterior anchor so as toattach the anterior anchor with the posterior anchor with the firstbridging element penetrating through a tissue against which theposterior anchor is engaged when the implant is deployed; and conformingthe posterior anchor to a desired shape to accommodate the anatomy ofthe patient by tensioning the first bridging element while interfacedwith the posterior anchor and the anterior anchor, wherein tensioningthe first bridging element comprises shortening the first bridgingelement to maintain a desired spacing between the anterior anchor andthe posterior anchor so as to reshape the body organ by engagement ofthe conformed posterior anchor.
 24. The method of anchoring of claim 23wherein the posterior anchor is a cylindrical body that is laterallydeformable or collapsible and has a substantially rigid backboneattached to the cylindrical body, wherein conforming the posterioranchor comprises tensioning the first bridging element while attached tothe rigid backbone so as to deform or collapse the cylindrical body. 25.The method of anchoring of claim 24 wherein the cylindrical body is acompressible foam material and the backbone is disposed within or on thecylindrical body.
 26. The method of anchoring of claim 24 wherein thecylindrical body is an expandable scaffold that includes folding zonesextending longitudinally and offset from the backbone, whereinconforming the posterior anchor comprises laterally collapsing thescaffold by folding the scaffold along the folding zones whiletensioning the bridging element attached to the backbone.
 27. The methodof anchoring of claim 24 wherein the cylinder is an expandable scaffold,the method further comprising: delivering the scaffold in a radiallycompressed configuration via a guidewire or catheter; and radiallyexpanding the scaffold within the vasculature before laterallycollapsing the scaffold.
 28. The method of anchoring of claim 23 whereinthe posterior anchor comprises a segmented tube having a plurality ofsegments and the first bridging element comprises a first tetherattached to a first end of the segmented tube and exits the segmentedtube along a central portion thereof, wherein shortening the firstbridging element comprises shortening the first tether thereby curving aportion of the segmented tube between the first end and the centralportion.
 29. The method of anchoring of claim 28 further comprising:wherein conforming the posterior anchor comprises shortening a secondtether extending from a second opposite side of the segmented tube andexiting the segmented tube along the central portion thereof therebycurving another portion of the segmented tube between the second end andthe central portion.
 30. The method of anchoring of claim 28 wherein thebridging element extends directly between a first end of the segmentedtube and the anterior anchor and a second opposite end of the segmentedtube is attached to the anterior anchor by a second bridging element,the method further comprising: wherein conforming the posterior anchorcomprises shortening the second bridging element so as to place thesecond bridging element under tension, wherein tensioning the first andsecond bridging elements under tension curves the segmented tube so asto conform to anatomy against which the posterior anchor is engaged. 31.The method of anchoring of claim 28 wherein the posterior anchorcomprises a segmented tube having a plurality of segments, wherein thefirst bridging element comprises a tether passed longitudinally throughthe segmented tube and exiting at or near opposite ends of the segmentedtube, wherein shortening the bridge portion comprises shortening thetether thereby drawing opposite ends of the segment tube inward so as tocurve the posterior anchor.
 32. The method of anchoring of claim 23wherein the posterior anchor comprises a string of interfacing elementswith one or more tethers extending through the interfacing elements andattach and attached to the first bridging element, the interfacingelements being formed of any suitable material and shape, whereinshortening the first bridging element comprises shortening the one ormore tethers thereby curving at least a portion of the string ofinterfacing elements.
 33. The method of anchoring of claim 23 whereinthe entire implant is delivered and deployed intravascularly.